Infective endocarditis in pregnancy: A case report / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Infective endocarditis in pregnancy is extremely rare in clinical practice. Guidelines addressing prophylaxis and management of infective endocarditis do not extensively deal with concomitant pregnancy, and case reports on infective endocarditis are scarce. Due to increased blood volume and hemodynamic changes in late pregnancy, endocardial neoplasms are easy to fall off and cause systemic or pulmonary embolism, respiratory, cardiac arrest and sudden death may occur in pregnant women, the fetus can suffer from intrauterine distress and stillbirth at any time, leading to adverse outcomes for pregnant women and fetuses. The disease is dangerous and difficult to treat, which seriously threatens the lives of mothers and babies. Early diagnosis and reasonable treatment can effectively improve the prognosis of patients. The most important method for the treatment of infective endocarditis requires early, adequate, long-term and combined antibiotic therapy. Moreover, surgical controversies regarding indication and timing of treatment exist, especially in pregnancy. In terms of the timing of termination of pregnancy, the timing of cardiac surgery, and the method of surgery, individualized programs must be adopted. A pregnant woman with 30+5 weeks of gestation is reported. She was admitted to hospital due to intermittent chest tightness, suffocation and fever, with grade Ⅲ cardiac insufficiency. Imaging revealed large mitral valve vegetation, 22.0 mm×4.1 mm and 22.0 mm×5.1 mm, respectively, and severe valve regurgitation. Mitral valve perforation was more likely, blood culture suggested Staphylococcus epidermidis infection, after antibiotic conservative treatment, the effect was poor. After the joint consultation including cardiology, neonatology, interventional vascular surgery, anesthesiology, and obstetrics, the combined operation of obstetrics and cardiac surgery was performed in time. The heart was blocked for 60 minutes, the bleeding was 1 200 mL, the newborn was mildly asphyxiated after birth, and the birth weight was 1 890 g. Nine days after the operation, the patient was discharged from the hospital, and the newborn was discharged with the weight of 2 020 g. Critical cases like this require a thorough weighing of risks and benefits followed by swift action to protect the mother and her unborn child. An optimal outcome in a challenging case like this greatly depends on effective interdisciplinary communication, informed consent of the patient, and concerted action among the specialists involved.

Experience of treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis: a retrospective single-center cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the experience of treatment of early prosthetic valve endocarditis at a heart center. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective single-center study on data collected from electronic medical records covering the period from January 2009 to December 2015. METHODS: Over the study period, 1,557 consecutive valve operations were performed on adult patients. The study population comprised 32 patients (2%) who were diagnosed with prosthetic valve endocarditis within 12 months after the index surgery. Medical records were retrieved from electronic hospital records, retrospectively. Descriptive clinical, echocardiographic, microbiological and treatment-type data were used. Risk factors for early mortality were studied through univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The main clinical manifestation of infective endocarditis was fever, and this was present in all patients. Most of the prostheses were affected in the aortic position (40.6% of cases). The most commonly cultured microorganisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty-six patients (81.3%) underwent surgical treatment and six (18.7%) underwent exclusive clinical treatment. The prevalence of postoperative complications was 31.3% and hospital mortality occurred in seven cases (21.9%). The mortality rate was 50% among the patients who underwent medical treatment and 15.4% among those who underwent surgery. There were no independent risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSION: Prosthetic valve endocarditis is an infrequent complication of valve replacement. Surgical treatment has mortality rates compatible with the severity of patients' conditions. Surgical indication should not be delayed when clinical treatment has been ineffective

Experiencia clínica pediátrica en endocarditis infecciosa por Candida spp / Pediatric clinical experience in infectious endocarditis due to Candida spp

Resumen Introducción: El tratamiento y evolución de endocarditis infecciosa por Candida spp en niños debe basarse en guías de manejo; sin embargo, aún existen controversias al respecto. Objetivo: Describir nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de EI por Candida spp en pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, analítico, realizado entre enero de 2006 y diciembre 2017. Análisis paramétrico de variables cuantitativas; razones, proporciones, comparación por medio de χ2 y prueba exacta de Fisher con IC al 95% para variables no paramétricas. Tasa de mortalidad. Resultados: Veinticinco episodios de endocarditis por Candida spp recibieron tratamiento anti fúngico estándar. La mortalidad fue superior en pacientes sometidos a resección de la vegetación endocárdica (66,7%) RR 3,16, χ2 p = 0,029, en niños con síndrome linfo-hemofagocítico SLHF (50%), RR= 1,18 (χ2 NS), en co infección con bacterias multi-resistentes (57,1 %) RR= 2, (χ2 NS) y en EI trombótica (88,9%) RR = 4,74 (χ2 p = 0,004). Conclusiones: Co-infección de EI por Candida sp con bacterias multi-resistentes, SLHF y/o manejo quirúrgico de la vegetación endocárdica, pueden considerarse factores de mal pronóstico.

Background: Treatment and outcome of Candida spp infectious endocarditis in children it most be based on treatment guidelines, however there are some controversies. Aim: To describe our experience on treatment of pediatric candidal infective endocarditis. Methods: Analytic prospective study, from January 2006 to December 2017. Parametric analysis for quantitative variable. Proportions were compared by χ2 and exact Fisher Test CI 95%. Mortality rate. Results: 25 episodes of Candida spp infective endocarditis were treated with standard antifungal drugs. Mortality rate was higher on patients submited to endocardic vegetation resection (66.7%) RR= 3.16, (χ2 p = 0.029), children with lymphohemophagocytic syndrome (LHFS) (50 %) RR= 1.18 (χ2 = N.S.), in multidrug resistant bacterial co infection (57.14%), RR = 2, (χ2 = NS) also thrombotic endocarditis (88.9%) RR= 4.74 (χ2 p = 0.004). Conclusion: Multidrug resistant bacteria co infection with Candida sp IE, LHFS, and/or surgical treatment of endocardic vegetation, might be considered as bad prognostic factors.

Paro cardiaco en paciente con insuficiencia mitral aguda por endocarditis bacteriana / Cardiac arrest in a patient with acute mitral insufficiency for bacterial endocarditis

Introducción: la endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad que involucra con másfrecuencia las válvulas cardíacas, pero también puede ocurrir sobre cuerdas tendinosas, o el endocardio mural. La lesión característica − vegetación − consiste en una masa de plaquetas, fibrina, microcolonias de microorganismos y escasas células inflamatorias. Objetivo: describir la conducta perioperatoria, así como la evolución clínico-anestesiológica de un paciente que presentó paro cardiaco secundario a insuficiencia mitral aguda por endocarditis bacteriana. Caso clínico: hombre joven con diagnóstico de endocarditis infecciosa e insuficiencia valvular mitral con ruptura de las cuerdas tendinosas, presentó paro cardiorrespiratorio que requirió reanimación cerebrocardiopulmonar con recuperación de la circulación espontánea. Fue llevado al quirófano de emergencia para sustitución valvular mitral y conservación de las cuerdas tendinosas. Se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios, sin secuelas pulmonares ni neurológicas. Conclusiones: la rápida identificación y tratamiento de la endocarditis bacteriana mejora el pronóstico y evita nefastas complicaciones. La ecocardiografía transesofágica brinda adecuada resolución espacial y precisión en su evaluación y posibilita la mejoría terapéutica(AU)

Introduction: Infectious endocarditis is a disease that involves the heart valves more frequently, but it can also occur on chordae tendineae, or the mural endocardium. The characteristic lesion, vegetation, consists of a mass of platelets, fibrin, microorganisms microcolonies, and few inflammatory cells. Objective: To describe the perioperative behavior, as well as the clinical anesthesiological evolution of a patient who presented cardiac arrest secondary to acute mitral regurgitation due to bacterial endocarditis. Clinical case: A young man with a diagnosis of infective endocarditis and mitral valve insufficiency with ruptured tendinous cords presented cardiorespiratory arrest requiring brain and cardiopulmonary resuscitation with spontaneous circulation recovery. He was taken to the emergency operating room for mitral valve replacement and chordae tendineae conservation. Satisfactory results were obtained, without pulmonary or neurological sequelae. Conclusions: The quick identification and treatment of bacterial endocarditis improves prognosis and prevents nefarious complications. Transesophageal echocardiography provides adequate spatial resolution and accuracy in its evaluation and gives the possibility for therapeutic improvement(AU)

Endocardite mural de átrio esquerdo complicada por abscesso cerebral: relato de caso / Left atrial wall endocarditis complicated y brain abscess: case report

Paciente feminina, 19 anos, foi admitida na emergência com febre diária e cefaleia. Evoluiu com alteração demarcha, de fala, confusão mental, disartria, dispneia, taquicardia, petéquias nas solas e hemorragia subungueal. Realizado ecocardiograma transesofágicoque revelou valva mitral com espessamento de folhetos, falta de coaptação, moderada insuficiência egrande vegetação (10 mm x 4 mm) aderida ao endocárdio da face posterior do átrio esquerdo. Colheu-se hemocultura positiva para Staphylococcus aureus, e a paciente foi diagnosticada com endocarditeinfecciosa pelos critérios de Duke modificados, dando-se início à antibioticoterapia. Ela apresentou boa evolução clínica, entretanto, a febre persistia. Realizou-se tomografia de crânio, que revelou abscesso cerebral.A paciente então foi submetida à drenagem, com resolução da febre.

A 19 year-old female patient was admitted to the ER with daily fever and headache, progressing to altered gait, unclear speech, mental confusion,dysarthria, dyspnea, tachycardia, petechiae on the soles of the feet and subungual hemorrhage.Transesophageal echocardiography shows thickening of the mitral valve leaflets, lack of coaptation, moderate insufficiency and large vegetation (10mm x 4mm) adhering to theendocardium of the posterior left atrial wall. The blood culture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was diagnosed with infective endocarditisaccording to the modified Duke criteria, and antibiotic treatment was started. Although progressing well in clinical terms, the fever persisted. Cranial tomography showed a brain abscess that was drained, thus lowering the fever.

Endocarditis infecciosa nosocomial sobre válvula nativa mitral por Staphylococcus lugdunensis / Nosocomial mitral valve endocarditis caused by S. lugdunensis

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 53 años que tras una intervención neuroquirúrgica (laminectomía) presentó cuadro séptico. Se identificó la presencia de S. lugdunensis en la herida operatoria. El ecocardiograma transesofágico demostró rotura valvular mitral, vegetaciones e insuficiencia mitral masiva. El paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente tras reemplazo valvular por prótesis mecánica.

A 53 year old man developed sepsis following laminectomy for spinal disease. S lugdunensis was identified from the surgical wound. Trans esophageal echocardiography demonstrated mitral valve rupture, vegetations and severe mitral regurgitation. The patient successfully recovered following mitral valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis.

Síndrome de Austrian / Austrian Syndrome: case report

Neste relato, é descrito o caso de um paciente masculino, 64 anos, sem história de etilismo, que se apresentou com a Tríade de Osler, que consiste no desenvolvimento de endocardite, pneumonia e meningite, por um mesmo agente. A síndrome é denominada síndrome de Austrian, quando a infecção for por Streptococcus pneumoniae. Serão discutidas as manifestações clínicas, fisiopatológicas e a terapêutica mais adequada para esse quadro. Tendo em vista a raridade do caso e a elevada morbimortalidade, serão enfatizadas a importância do diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento adequado, visando reduzir as complicações inerentes a essa doença.

In this report, we describe the case of a 64-year-old male patient, with no history of alcohol consumption, who presented the Osler's triad, which is the association of endocarditis, pneumonia, and meningitis caused by a single agent. This syndrome is called Austrian syndrome, when the infection is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. We discuss the clinical manifestations, the pathophysiology, and the therapeutic approach to this condition. Given the rarity of the condition and its high morbidity and mortality, the importance of an early diagnosis and an appropriate treatment to reduce the complications associated with this disease will be emphasized.

Pacemaker lead endocarditis due to Brucellosis

Infection of prosthetic devices or implants is a rare complication of Brucellosis. Pacemakers and implantable caridoverter-defibrillator infections were previously reported in 6 patients. We report the first case of relapsing Brucellosis due to intracardiac lead endocarditis, which resolved only after removing the intracardiac leads and institution of appropriate antimicrobial therapy

Actualización sobre endocarditis infecciosa en válvula protésica / Up-date in prosthetic valve endocarditis

La endocarditis en válvulas protésicas es aún tema de controversia, en especial en referencia al tipo de tratamiento que se debe elegir. Debido a que los conocimientos actuales sobre esta patología están basados principalmente en la literatura y por ende, en sus variados exponentes (experiencias clínicas, revisiones sistemáticas, guía clínicas de diferentes sociedades de cardiología, estudios observacionales, entre otros), es necesario hacer una actualización continua de la información. Esta revisión bibliográfica se centra en la incidencia, etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la endocarditis protésica. En ella se llega la conclusión de que los principales microorganismos productores de esta patología son el Estafilococo aureus y el Estafilococo coagulasa-negativo. También se reconocen aquellos factores de riesgo para los cuales la cirugía es mandatoria, entre los que destacan las infecciones por S. aureus y la endocarditis protésica complicada, ya sea por insuficiencia cardíaca, alteración de la conducción, formación de abscesos y/o embolias recurrentes. De esta manera, con la información recopilada, se identificaron aquellos pacientes con opción a tratamiento médico, y aquellos con indicación de manejo quirúrgico. Para presentar mejor nuestras conclusiones, se construyeron esquemas de fácil consulta y lectura, para apoyar la decisión del tipo de manejo frente a una endocarditis en válvulas protésicas.

Prosthetic valve endocarditis is still a matter of controversy especially the type of treatment that should be chosen for an individual patient. Since the current knowledge of this pathology is based mainly on the literature and in its many and varied exponents (clinical experience, systematic review, practice guidelines of cardiology associations, observational studies, etc), it is necessary to update the information continuously This review is focused mainly in the incidence, etiology diagnostics and treatment of prosthetic endocarditis. The principal microroganisms related to this pathology are Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphyloccoco. Risk factors were identified for witch surgery is mandatory, such us Staphylococcus aureus infection and a complicated prosthetic valve endocarditis (cardiac failure, conduction abnormalities, abscess formation and recurrent embolism). With this information, patients that could have a medical treatment option can be recognized, as well as those who will require surgery. In order to present in a better way our conclusions, easily reading diagrams were included to facilitate the decision process when facing up a prosthetic valve endocarditis.

Endovascular treatment for intracranial infectious aneurysms / Tratamento endovascular de aneurismas infecciosos intracranianos

OBJETIVE: To re-enforce an alternative, less aggressive treatment modality in the management of intracranial infectious aneurysms. METHOD: We present a series of five patients with infectious endocarditis and intracranial infectious aneurysms (mycotic aneurysms) managed by means of endovascular treatment. RESULTS: Endovascular treatment was executed technically uneventfully in all patients. Three patients had favorable clinical outcome: two were classified as Glasgow Outcome Scale 4/5, and one had total neurological recovery (GOS 5/5). Two patients died (GOS 1/5), one in consequence of the initial intracranial bleeding and the other after cardiac complications from endocarditis and open-heart surgery. CONCLUSION: Endovascular techniques are an expanding option for the treatment of IIAs. It has been especially useful for infectious endocarditis patients with IIA, who will be submitted to cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and anticoagulation, with the risk of intracranial bleeding.

OBJETIVO: Enfatizar o método endovascular como uma opção de tratamento alternativa e menos agressiva no tratamento de aneurismas infecciosos intracranianos. MÉTODO: Apresentamos uma série de cinco pacientes com endocardite infecciosa e aneurismas infecciosos intra-cranianos (aneurismas micóticos) tratados através da via endovascular. RESULTADOS: O tratamento endovascular teve sucesso técnico e sem intercorrências relacionadas ao cateterismo em todos os casos. Três pacientes tiveram desfecho clínico favorável: dois com escala de regeneração de Glasgow 4/5 e um com recuperação neurológica completa (GOS 5/5). Dois pacientes tiveram desfecho desfavorável (GOS 1/5), um devido às conseqüências do sangramento intracraniano inicial e outro devido a complicações cardíacas da endocardite e cirurgia de troca valvar. CONCLUSÃO: As técnicas endovasculares são uma nova opção de tratamento dos aneurismas infecciosos intracranianos. Ela é especialmente útil em pacientes que serão submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extra-corpórea e anticoagulação, com o conseqüente risco de hemorragia intracraniana.

Endocarditis infecciosa: Una enfermedad cambiante / Infective endocarditis: A changing disease

A pesar de los avances en el diagnóstico y en el tratamiento antibiótico y quirúrgico, la endocarditis infecciosa sigue siendo una enfermedad con una mortalidad elevada. Los estudios llevados a cabo en nuestro país y en otros países demostraron que el perfil clínico del paciente ha cambiado. Existe mayor prevalencia de pacientes añosos con enfermedad degenerativa valvular, las endocarditis protésicas y nosocomiales son más frecuentes y aumentó la presencia del Staphylococcus aureus. Estos cambios podrían justificar la ausencia de disminución en la mortalidad de esta enfermedad y plantean la necesidad de encarar enfoques más agresivos de tratamiento mediante la confección de estudios prospectivos bien diseñados y controlados.

In spite of the advance in diagnosis and antibiotic and surgical treatment, mortality of infective endocarditis remains high. Recent studies in various countries and in Argentina have shown that the clinical profile of infective endocarditis has changed. Currently the patients are older with higher frequency of degenerative valve disease and prosthetic valve and nosocomial endocarditis. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus as etiological agent has increased. These changes may justify the absence of decrease in mortality and suggests that more aggressive measures are needed based on prospective, well designed and controlled trials.

Coexistent congenital aortic defects, aneurysm of sinus of valsalva, atrial septal defect and infective endocarditis: a case report

Coarctation of the Aorta is frequently associated with bicuspid aortic valve. This is a risk factor for infective endocarditis. Aneurysm of a sinus of Valsalva is a rare defect with a prevalence of 0.09. They are associated in 10of cases with a bicuspid aortic valve and less frequently with coarctation of the aorta and atrial septal defect. It is extremely rare the association of coarctation of the aorta with an atrial septal defect. This is one of the first cases reported in Puerto Rico of an adult patient with coarctation of the aorta in association with a bicuspid aortic valve, a ruptured aneurysm of a sinus of Valsalva and an atrial septal defect. The patient is a 22 year old male with coarctation of the aorta diagnosed since childhood who was admitted at the Cardiovascular Center of Puerto Rico with signs of heart failure due to infective endocarditis secondary to a teeth infection. Upon evaluation with transthoracic and transesophageal echos, he was found to have a coarctation at the aortic isthmus, aortic root dilatation, bicuspid aortic valve with vegetation, severe aortic and tricuspid regurgitation, aneurysm of the non coronary sinus of Valsalva with perforation to the right atrium, biatrial enlargement and a dilated right ventricle. Successful antibiotic treatment of endocarditis was achieved followed by surgical replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta with closure of the non coronary sinus of Valsalva was done. An secundum atrial septal defect was found and was also closed. Surgical correction of the coarctation of the aorta was postponed for a future time. The patient had a successful postsurgical recovery and was discharged home with anticoagulation treatment.

Endocarditis infecciosa por S. aureus en la Argentina: EIRA 2. Análisis comparativo luego de 10 años de los estudios EIRA 1 y 2 / S. aureus infective endocarditis in Argentina: a comparative analysis after 10 years of EIRA-1 and EIRA-2 surveys

Objetivo: Comparar el perfil y la evolución de la endocarditis infecciosa (EI) en nuestro país a lo largo de 10 años, a través de los registros EIRA-1 y EIRA-2. Determinar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas y la evolución hospitalaria de la EI por Staphylococcus aureus (EISA) en la Argentina. Métodos: El estudio EIRA-2 fue un registro prospectivo multicéntrico conducido en 82 hospitales de 16 provincias de la Argentina. En el presente análisis se incluyeron pacientes con EI definidas (clasificación de Duke) relevados en un período de 18 meses. Resultados: Se registraron 390 episodios de EI definidas (108 EISA y 282 no EISA); edad media 58,5 ± 17,3 años, sexo masculino 70 por ciento. No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las 108 EISA y las 282 no EISA con respecto a edad, sexo, endocarditis de válvula protésica, enfermedad valvular degenerativa, presencia de insuficiencia cardíaca y frecuencia de tratamiento quirúrgico. La comparación de los registros EIRA-2 y EIRA-1 demostró cambios importantes en el perfil de la enfermedad en la última década, actualmente caracterizada por pacientes de mayor edad (58 versus 51 años), mayor prevalencia de cardiopatía subyacente 67 por ciento versus 55 por ciento (en particular prótesis valvulares 19,2 por ciento versus 8,5 por ciento, enfermedades valvulares degenerativas 12,4 por ciento versus 4,8 por ciento y cardiopatías congénitas 9,5 por ciento versus 4,2 por ciento), mayor frecuencia de infección causada por S. aureus (30 por ciento versus 26 por ciento) y menor por Streptococcus viridans (30,8 por ciento versus 26,8 por ciento), con una reducción del tiempo hasta el diagnóstico definitivo (21,5 versus 33 días). No se encontraron modificaciones en la tasa de mortalidad de la enfermedad. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,01) de las EISA con respecto a las no EISA en la prevalencia de cardiopatía subyacente [58,3 por ciento versus 67,4 por ciento (OR 0,7

Endocarditis por Streptococcus pneumoniae en niños: presentación de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Endocarditis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children: case report and review

La endocarditis causada por Streptococcus pneumoniae es una patología muy poco frecuente en niños, correspondiendo sólo a 3 - 7 por ciento de los casos. Sin embargo, su importancia radica en que se puede presentar de forma muy agresiva, con complicaciones como destrucción valvular y abscesos, y con una mortalidad reportada hasta 61 por ciento, de no mediar tratamiento antimicrobiano precoz y muchas veces cardiocirugía. En más del 50 por ciento se puede asociar a otros focos infecciosos, como meningitis, neumonía, sinusitis o mastoiditis. Se describe el caso de una lactante de 10 meses que presentó una meningitis asociada a endocarditis debidas a S. pneumoniae, con grave compromiso cardíaco, y que requirió reemplazo valvular. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura médica acerca de endocarditis por S. pneumoniae en niños.